This short articles show you all the features that is meant for SharePoint On-Premise.
When you reach this page https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj819267.aspx then you will find the article comparing SharePoint Online Edition and SharePoint On-Premise Edition separately. Somehow the features it compares are the same.
I extracted out what is in On-Premise but not in SharePoint Online as the table below.
Development Features
SharePoint Online
SharePoint On-Premise
BCS: Profile Pages
No
Yes
BCS: Rich Client Integration
No
Yes
Custom Site Definitions
No
Yes
Custom Site Provisioning
No
Yes
Full-Trust Solutions
No
Yes
IT Pro Features
SharePoint Online
SharePoint On-Premise
Alternate Access Mapping (AAM)
No
Yes
Claims-Based Authentication Support
No
Yes
Configuration Wizards
No
Yes
Distributed Cache
No
Yes
Host Header Site Collections
No
Yes
Improved Self-Service Site Creation
No
Yes
Managed Accounts
No
Yes
Quota Templates
No
Yes
Read-Only Database Support
No
Yes
Remote BLOB Storage
No
Yes
Request Management
No
Yes
Request throttling
No
Yes
Resource throttling
No
Yes
SharePoint Health Analyzer
No
Yes
State Service
No
Yes
Streamlined Central Administration
No
Yes
System Status Notifications
No
Yes
Unattached Content Database Recovery
No
Yes
Usage Reporting and Logging
No
Yes
Content features
SharePoint Online
SharePoint On-Premise
Email enabled lists and libraries
No
Yes
IRM using Azure Rights Management
No
Yes
IRM using Windows Server AD RMS
No
Yes
Office Online (edit)
No
Yes
Office Web Apps Server integration
No
Yes
PowerPoint Automation Services
No
Yes
Surveys
No
Yes
WCM: Multiple Domains
No
Yes
Word Automation Services
No
Yes
Insights features
SharePoint Online
SharePoint On-Premise
PerformancePoint Services
No
Yes
PerformancePoint Services (PPS) Dashboard Migration
No
Yes
Scorecards & Dashboards
No
Yes
SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Integrated Mode
No
Yes
Search features
SharePoint Online
SharePoint On-Premise
Advanced Content Processing
No
Yes
Custom entity extraction
No
Yes
Extensible content processing
No
Yes
On-premises search index
No
Yes
Search connector framework
No
Yes
Sites features
SharePoint Online
SharePoint On-Premise
Custom Managed Paths
No
Yes
In additional, one of the critical features for development is not existed in SharePoint Online. That is the Web Designer Galleries.
SharePoint On-Premise Site Settings looks like the one below.
SharePoint Online is the one below and this Web Designer Galleries does not exist.
